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Wikimedia Commons has media related to BP. Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Category Commons. Energy in the United Kingdom. BP Shell. Greenergy Murco Petroleum. National Grid. Important work on slavery has continued; for instance, in Steven Hahn published the Pulitzer Prize -winning account, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration , which examined how slaves built community and political understanding while enslaved, so they quickly began to form new associations and institutions when emancipated, including black churches separate from white control.
In , Robert E. Wright published a model that explains why slavery was more prevalent in some areas than others e. There were sharp cleavages along lines of region and party. Nationwide 55 percent said students should be taught slavery was the reason for the Civil War. In , a conference at the University of Virginia studied the history of slavery and recent views on it. One of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery.
In the 18th-century British merchant ships were the largest element in the "Middle Passage" which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere.
Most of those who survived the journey wound up in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad the plantation owners lived in Britain. Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban.
In it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the s argued that moralistic reformers such as William Wilberforce were primarily responsible. Historical revisionism arrived when West Indian historian Eric Williams , a Marxist, in Capitalism and Slavery , rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, for a century of sugarcane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable.
It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the Industrial Revolution.
Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves. Since the s numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles and Gad Heuman has concluded, "More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Richardson further challenges claims by African scholars that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa—indeed that it caused the "underdevelopment" of Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders.
Richardson finds that the "terms of trade" how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo moved heavily in favor of the Africans after about That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power. Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade e. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Historical overview of forced labor.
By country or region. Opposition and resistance. Main article: Slavery in antiquity. See also: Atlantic slave trade and Sara Forbes Bonetta. See also: Atlantic slave trade. This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.
June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Barbary slave trade. See also: Slavery in the 21st century , Slavery in modern Africa , and Slavery in 21st-century Islamism. Main articles: Aztec slavery and Slavery among the indigenous people of the Americas. Main article: Slavery in Brazil. See also: Bandeirantes. Main article: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean.
Main article: Slavery in Canada. See also: Slavery in New France. See also: Slavery among the Cherokee. Main article: History of slavery in Asia. Further information: Slavery in antiquity , Slavery in the Ottoman Empire , and History of slavery in the Muslim world. See also: Slavery in India. See also: History of slavery in China. Main article: Slavery in Iran. Main article: Slavery in Japan. Main article: Slavery in Korea.
Main article: Slavery in Southeast Asia. See also: Slavery in ancient Greece. See also: Slavery in ancient Rome. Main article: Slavery in medieval Europe. Main article: Slavery in the British Isles. Main articles: Thrall and Volga trade route. Main article: History of Dutch slavery. Main article: Atlantic slave trade.
See also: Blackbirding. Main article: Abolitionism. Slave Trade suppression. African Slave Trade Patrol U. Africa Squadron U. Brazil Squadron U. Main articles: Abolitionism in France and Role of Nantes in the slave trade. Main article: End of slavery in France. Main article: Slavery in the 21st century. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 2nd ed.
New York [etc. ISBN Current Anthropology. PMC PMID Xlibris Corporation. Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations as slavery depends on a system of social stratification.
Retrieved 17 March In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure.
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Surplus was also essential in slave systems where the owners expected economic gain from slave ownership. Ordinarily there had to be a perceived labour shortage, for otherwise it is unlikely that most people would bother to acquire or to keep slaves. Free land, and more generally, open resources, were often a prerequisite for slavery; in most cases where there were no open resources, non-slaves could be found who would fulfill the same social functions at lower cost.
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